Flexible conductor for use within a contact lens

ABSTRACT

An eye-mountable device includes a flexible lens enclosure, anterior and posterior flexible conductive electrodes, and an accommodation actuator element. The flexible lens enclosure includes anterior and posterior layers that are sealed together. The anterior flexible conductive electrode is disposed within the flexible enclosure and across a center region of the flexible lens enclosure on a concave side of the anterior layer. The posterior flexible conductive electrode is disposed within the flexible enclosure and across the center region on a convex side of the posterior layer. The accommodation actuator element is disposed between the first and second flexible conductive electrodes. The anterior and posterior flexible conductive electrodes are transparent and electrically manipulate the accommodation actuator element.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under the provisions of 35 U.S.C.§119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/012,005, filed on Jun.13, 2014, entitled “Accommodating Lens,” and to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/012,017, filed on Jun. 13, 2014, entitled“Accommodating Lens Optics and Materials,” both contents of which arehereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to the field of optics, and inparticular but not exclusively, relates to contact lenses.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Accommodation is a process by which the eye adjusts its focal distanceto maintain focus on objects of varying distance. Accommodation is areflex action, but can be consciously manipulated. Accommodation iscontrolled by contractions of the ciliary muscle. The ciliary muscleencircles the eye's elastic lens and applies a force on the elastic lensduring muscle contractions that change the focal point of the elasticlens.

As an individual ages, the effectiveness of the ciliary muscle degrades.Presbyopia is a progressive age-related loss of accommodative orfocusing strength of the eye, which results in increased blur at neardistances. This loss of accommodative strength with age has been wellstudied and is relatively consistent and predictable. Presbyopia affectsnearly 1.7 billion people worldwide today (110 million in the UnitedStates alone) and that number is expected to substantially rise as theworld's population ages. Techniques and devices that can helpindividuals offset the effects of Presbyopia are increasingly in demand.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limiting and non-exhaustive embodiments of the invention aredescribed with reference to the following figures, wherein likereference numerals refer to like parts throughout the various viewsunless otherwise specified. The drawings are not necessarily to scale,emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles beingdescribed.

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an eye-mountable device thatprovides auto-accommodation and an external reader for interacting withthe eye-mountable device, in accordance with an embodiment of thedisclosure.

FIG. 2A is a top view illustration of an eye-mountable device, inaccordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2B is a perspective view illustration of an eye-mountable device,in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view that illustrates the variouscomponents and layers of an eye-mountable device, in accordance with anembodiment of the disclosure.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate orientations of flexible conductive electrodeswithin the eye-mountable device, in accordance with an embodiment of thedisclosure.

FIG. 5 is a profile view that illustrates connections between a ringsubstrate and flexible conductive electrodes within an eye-mountabledevice, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a process for fabricating aneye-mountable device with a liquid crystal accommodation actuatorcontrolled by two flexible conductive electrodes, in accordance with anembodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of a system, apparatus, and method of fabrication for aneye-mountable device including one or more flexible conductive layersare described herein. In the following description numerous specificdetails are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of theembodiments. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however,that the techniques described herein can be practiced without one ormore of the specific details, or with other methods, components,materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, oroperations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuringcertain aspects.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment is includedin at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, theappearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” invarious places throughout this specification are not necessarily allreferring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features,structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner inone or more embodiments.

Described herein is a smart contact lens or eye-mountable device thatincludes an accommodation actuator for adjusting the focal distance ofthe contact lens. In some embodiments, the accommodation isautomatically adjusted in real-time based upon a user's gazingdirection. The accommodation actuator is disposed in a center region ofthe smart contact lens (e.g., covering at least the foveal vision). Assuch, it is desirable that the structural and electronic components ofthe accommodation actuator do not unduly obstruct or deteriorate thequality of the user's center of vision.

The accommodation actuator may be implemented with variousoptoelectronic devices, but each will require electrodes toelectronically control the accommodation actuator. Accordingly, theseelectrodes should be transparent, as well as, conductive. The highelectrical conductivity and optical transparency of indium tin oxide(“ITO”) have earned this material its place as the standard transparentconducting material in the optoelectronic device industry. However,conventional ITO is brittle and therefore not well suited for a flexiblecontact lens. The brittleness of ITO dramatically decreases itselectrical conductivity upon bending or folding. Since flexible contactlenses experience numerous mechanical folding and bending cycles whenmanipulated, inserted, and worn by a user, the brittleness ofconventional ITO is not desirable.

Embodiments of the instant disclosure address the drawbacks of using ITOin a flexible contact lens by using a transparent, flexible, conductivematerial to form electrodes for manipulating the optoelectronicaccommodation actuator. In various embodiments, the flexible conductiveelectrode material is solvent-based and can be applied through stenciledspraying techniques, stamp coating processes, or otherwise. Thematerials used to form the liquid conductor material includes acolloidal suspension of conductive particles that is cured in place onthe flexible enclosure material of the smart contact lens. Exampleconductive particles include carbon nanotubes and metal nanowires (e.g.,silver nanowires). In other embodiments, the liquid conductor materialmay be a conductive polymer or conductive silicon.

Embodiments of the eye-mountable device may include a power supply,control electronics, an accommodation actuator, a gaze direction sensorsystem, and an antenna all embedded within a flexible lens enclosureformed to be contact mounted to an eye (e.g., shaped to be removeablymounted to a cornea and allow eyelid motion to open and close). In oneembodiment, the control electronics are coupled to monitor the sensorsystem to identify gaze direction/focal distance, manipulate theaccommodation actuator to control the optical power of the eye-mountabledevice, and provide wireless communications with an external reader. Insome embodiments, the power supply may include charging circuitry forcontrolling inductive wireless charging of an embedded battery.

The flexible lens enclosure may be fabricated of a variety of materialscompatible for direct contact with a human eye, such as a polymericmaterial, a hydrogel, PMMA, silicone based polymers (e.g.,fluoro-silicone acrylate), or otherwise. The electronics can be disposedupon a ring substrate embedded within the flexible lens enclosure nearits periphery to avoid interference with incident light received closerto the central region of the cornea. The sensor system can be arrangedon the substrate to face outward towards the eyelids to detect the gazedirection/focal distance based upon the amount and position of eyelidcoverage over the sensor system. As the eyelids cover different portionsof the sensor system, this changes a characteristic (e.g., itscapacitance), which can be measured to determine gaze direction and/orfocal distance.

In some embodiments, the gaze direction/focal distance information canthen be used to determine the amount of accommodation to be applied viaa see-through accommodation actuator positioned in a central portion ofthe flexible lens enclosure. The accommodation actuator is coupled tothe controller to be electrically manipulated thereby via theapplication of a voltage across a pair of flexible conductiveelectrodes. For example, the accommodation actuator may be implementedwith a liquid crystal cell that changes its index of refraction inresponse to an applied electrical bias signal across the flexibleconductive electrodes. In other embodiments, the accommodation actuatormay be implemented using other types of electro-active materials such aselectro-optic materials that vary refractive index in the presence of anapplied electric field or electro-mechanical structures that change theshape of a deformable lens. Other example structures that may be used toimplement the accommodation actuator include electro-wetting optics,micro-electro-mechanical systems, or otherwise.

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an eye-mountable device 100 withgaze tracking for auto-accommodation along with an external reader 105,in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. The exposed portionof eye-mountable device 100 is a flexible lens enclosure 110 formed tobe contact-mounted to a corneal surface of an eye. A substrate 115 isembedded within or surrounded by flexible lens enclosure 110 to providea mounting surface for a power supply 120, a controller 125, a sensorsystem 135, an antenna 140, and various interconnects 145 and 150. Anaccommodation actuator 130 is embedded within flexible lens enclosure110 and coupled to controller 125 to provide auto-accommodation to thewearer of eye-mountable device 100. The illustrated embodiment of powersupply 120 includes an energy harvesting antenna 155, charging circuitry160, and a battery 165. The illustrated embodiment of controller 125includes control logic 170, accommodation logic 175, and communicationlogic 180. The illustrated embodiment of reader 105 includes a processor182, an antenna 184, and memory 186.

Controller 125 is coupled to receive feedback control signals fromsensor system 135 and further coupled to operate accommodation actuator130. Power supply 120 supplies operating voltages to the controller 125and/or the accommodation actuator 130. Antenna 140 is operated by thecontroller 125 to communicate information to and/or from eye-mountabledevice 100. In one embodiment, antenna 140, controller 125, power supply120, and sensor system 135 are all situated on the embedded substrate115. In one embodiment, accommodation actuator 130 is embedded within acenter region of flexible lens enclosure 110, but is not disposed onsubstrate 115. Because eye-mountable device 100 includes electronics andis configured to be contact-mounted to an eye, it is also referred toherein as an ophthalmic electronics platform, a contact lens, or a smartcontact lens.

To facilitate contact-mounting, the flexible lens enclosure 110 can havea concave surface configured to adhere (“mount”) to a moistened cornealsurface (e.g., by capillary forces with a tear film coating the cornealsurface). Additionally or alternatively, the eye-mountable device 100can be adhered by a vacuum force between the corneal surface andflexible lens enclosure 110 due to the concave curvature. While mountedwith the concave surface against the eye, the outward-facing surface offlexible lens enclosure 110 can have a convex curvature that is formedto not interfere with eye-lid motion while the eye-mountable device 100is mounted to the eye. For example, flexible lens enclosure 110 can be asubstantially transparent curved disk shaped similarly to a contactlens.

Flexible lens enclosure 110 can include one or more biocompatiblematerials, such as those employed for use in contact lenses or otherophthalmic applications involving direct contact with the cornealsurface. Flexible lens enclosure 110 can optionally be formed in partfrom such biocompatible materials or can include an outer coating withsuch biocompatible materials. Flexible lens enclosure 110 can includematerials configured to moisturize the corneal surface, such ashydrogels and the like. Flexible lens enclosure 110 is a deformable(“non-rigid”) material to enhance wearer comfort. In some instances,flexible lens enclosure 110 can be shaped to provide a predetermined,vision-correcting optical power, such as can be provided by a contactlens. Flexible lens enclosure 110 may be fabricated of various materialsincluding a polymeric material, a hydrogel, PMMA, silicone basedpolymers (e.g., fluoro-silicon acrylate), or otherwise.

Substrate 115 includes one or more surfaces suitable for mounting sensorsystem 135, controller 125, power supply 120, and antenna 140. Substrate115 can be employed both as a mounting platform for chip-based circuitry(e.g., by flip-chip mounting) and/or as a platform for patterningconductive materials (e.g., gold, platinum, palladium, titanium, copper,aluminum, silver, metals, other conductive materials, combinations ofthese, etc.) to create electrodes, interconnects, antennae, etc. In someembodiments, substantially transparent conductive materials (e.g.,indium tin oxide or the flexible conductive materials discussed below)can be patterned on substrate 115 to form circuitry, electrodes, etc.For example, antenna 140 can be formed by depositing a pattern of goldor another conductive material on substrate 115. Similarly,interconnects 145 and 150 can be formed by depositing suitable patternsof conductive materials on substrate 115. A combination of resists,masks, and deposition techniques can be employed to pattern materials onsubstrate 115. Substrate 115 can be a relatively rigid material, such aspolyethylene terephthalate (“PET”) or another material sufficient tostructurally support the circuitry and/or electronics within enclosurematerial 110. Eye-mountable device 100 can alternatively be arrangedwith a group of unconnected substrates rather than a single substrate.For example, controller 125 and power supply 120 can be mounted to onesubstrate, while antenna 140 and sensor system 135 are mounted toanother substrate and the two can be electrically connected viainterconnects.

Substrate 115 can be shaped as a flattened ring with a radial widthdimension sufficient to provide a mounting platform for the embeddedelectronics components. Substrate 115 can have a thickness sufficientlysmall to allow the substrate to be embedded in flexible lens enclosure110 without adversely influencing the profile of eye-mountable device100. Substrate 115 can have a thickness sufficiently large to providestructural stability suitable for supporting the electronics mountedthereon. For example, substrate 115 can be shaped as a ring with adiameter of about 10 millimeters, a radial width of about 1 millimeter(e.g., an outer radius 1 millimeter larger than an inner radius), and athickness of about 50 micrometers. Substrate 115 can optionally bealigned with the curvature of the eye-mounting surface of eye-mountabledevice 100 (e.g., convex surface). For example, substrate 115 can beshaped along the surface of an imaginary cone between two circularsegments that define an inner radius and an outer radius. In such anexample, the surface of substrate 115 along the surface of the imaginarycone defines an inclined surface that is approximately aligned with thecurvature of the eye mounting surface at that radius.

In some embodiments, power supply 120 and controller 125 (and thesubstrate 115) can be positioned away from the center of eye-mountabledevice 100 and thereby avoid interference with light transmission to theeye through the center of eye-mountable device 110. In contrast,accommodation actuator 130 can be centrally positioned to apply opticalaccommodation to the light transmitted to the eye through the center ofeye-mountable device 110. For example, where eye-mountable device 100 isshaped as a concave-curved disk, substrate 115 can be embedded aroundthe periphery (e.g., near the outer circumference) of the disk. In someembodiments, sensor system 135 includes one or more discrete capacitancesensors that are peripherally distributed to sense the eyelid overlap.

In the illustrated embodiment, power supply 120 includes a battery 165to power the various embedded electronics, including controller 125.Battery 165 may be inductively charged by charging circuitry 160 andenergy harvesting antenna 155. In one embodiment, antenna 140 and energyharvesting antenna 155 are independent antennae, which serve theirrespective functions of energy harvesting and communications. In anotherembodiment, energy harvesting antenna 155 and antenna 140 are the samephysical antenna that are time shared for their respective functions ofinductive charging and wireless communications with reader 105. Chargingcircuitry 160 may include a rectifier/regulator to condition thecaptured energy for charging battery 165 or directly power controller125 without battery 165. Charging circuitry 160 may also include one ormore energy storage devices to mitigate high frequency variations inenergy harvesting antenna 155. For example, one or more energy storagedevices (e.g., a capacitor, an inductor, etc.) can be connected tofunction as a low-pass filter.

Controller 125 contains logic to choreograph the operation of the otherembedded components. Control logic 170 controls the general operation ofeye-mountable device 100, including providing a logical user interface,power control functionality, etc. Accommodation logic 175 includes logicfor monitoring feedback signals from sensor system 135, determining thecurrent gaze direction or focal distance of the user, and manipulatingaccommodation actuator 130 in response to provide the appropriateaccommodation. The auto-accommodation can be implemented in real-timebased upon feedback from the gaze tracking, or permit user control toselect specific accommodation regimes (e.g., near-field accommodationfor reading, far-field accommodation for regular activities, etc.).Communication logic 180 provides communication protocols for wirelesscommunication with reader 105 via antenna 140. In one embodiment,communication logic 180 provides backscatter communication via antenna140 when in the presence of an electromagnetic field 171 output fromreader 105. In one embodiment, communication logic 180 operates as asmart wireless radio-frequency identification (“RFID”) tag thatmodulates the impedance of antenna 140 for backscatter wirelesscommunications. The various logic modules of controller 125 may beimplemented in software/firmware executed on a general purposemicroprocessor, in hardware (e.g., application specific integratedcircuit), or a combination of both.

Eye-mountable device 100 may include various other embedded electronicsand logic modules. For example, a light source or pixel array may beincluded to provide visible feedback to the user. An accelerometer orgyroscope may be included to provide positional, rotational, directionalor acceleration feedback information to controller 125.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate two views of an eye-mountable device 200, inaccordance with an embodiment of the disclosure. FIG. 2A is a top viewof eye-mountable device 200 while FIG. 2B is a perspective view of thesame. Eye-mountable device 200 is one possible implementation ofeye-mountable device 100 illustrated in FIG. 1. The illustratedembodiment of eye-mountable device 200 includes a flexible lensenclosure 210, a ring substrate 215, a power supply 220, a controller225, an accommodation actuator 230, a capacitive sensor system 235, andan antenna 240. It should be appreciated that FIGS. 2A and 2B are notnecessarily drawn to scale, but have been illustrated for purposes ofexplanation only in describing the arrangement of the exampleeye-mountable device 200.

Flexible lens enclosure 210 of eye-mountable device 200 is shaped as acurved disk. Flexible lens enclosure 210 is formed with one side havinga concave surface 211 suitable to fit over a corneal surface of an eye.The opposite side of the disk has a convex surface 212 that does notinterfere with eyelid motion while eye-mountable device 200 is mountedto the eye. In the illustrated embodiment, a circular or oval outer sideedge 213 connects the concave surface 211 and convex surface 212.

Eye-mountable device 200 can have dimensions similar to a visioncorrection and/or cosmetic contact lenses, such as a diameter ofapproximately 1 centimeter, and a thickness of about 0.1 to about 0.5millimeters. However, the diameter and thickness values are provided forexplanatory purposes only. In some embodiments, the dimensions ofeye-mountable device 200 can be selected according to the size and/orshape of the corneal surface of the wearer's eye. Flexible lensenclosure 210 can be formed with a curved shape in a variety of ways.For example, techniques similar to those employed to formvision-correction contact lenses, such as heat molding, injectionmolding, spin casting, etc. can be employed to form flexible lensenclosure 210.

Ring substrate 215 is embedded within flexible lens enclosure 210. Ringsubstrate 215 can be embedded to be situated along the outer peripheryof flexible lens enclosure 210, away from the central region whereaccommodation actuator 230 is positioned. In the illustrated embodiment,ring substrate 215 encircles accommodation actuator 230. Ring substrate215 does not interfere with vision because it is too close to the eye tobe in focus and is positioned away from the central region whereincident light is transmitted to the light-sensing portions of the eye.In some embodiments, ring substrate 215 can optionally be formed of atransparent material to further mitigate effects on visual perception.Ring substrate 215 can be shaped as a flat, circular ring (e.g., a diskwith a centered hole). The flat surface of ring substrate 215 (e.g.,along the radial width) is a platform for mounting electronics and forpatterning conductive materials to form electrodes, antenna(e), and/orinterconnections.

Capacitive sensor system 235 is distributed about eye-mountable device200 to sense eyelid overlap in a manner similar to capacitive touchscreens. By monitoring the amount and position of eyelid overlap,feedback signals from capacitive sensor system 235 can be measured bycontroller 225 to determine the approximate gaze direction and/or focaldistance. In the illustrated embodiment, capacitive sensor system 235 isformed by a series of parallel coupled discrete capacitive elements.Other implementations may be used.

Accommodation actuator 230 is centrally positioned within flexible lensenclosure 210 to affect the optical power of eye-mountable device 200 inthe user's center of vision. In various embodiments, accommodationactuator 230 includes an element that changes its index of refractionunder the influence of flexible conductive electrodes manipulated bycontroller 225. By changing its refractive index, the net optical powerof the curved surfaces of eye-mountable device 200 is altered, therebyapplying controllable accommodation. Accommodation actuator 230 may beimplemented using a variety of different optoelectronic elements. Forexample, accommodation actuator 230 may be implemented using a layer ofliquid crystal (e.g., a liquid crystal cell) disposed in the center offlexible lens enclosure 210. In other embodiments, accommodationactuator 230 may be implemented using other types of electro-activeoptical materials such as electro-optic materials that vary refractiveindex in the presence of an applied electric field. Accommodationactuator 230 may be a distinct device embedded within enclosure material210 (e.g., liquid crystal cell), or a bulk material having acontrollable refractive index. In yet another embodiment, accommodationactuator 230 may be implemented using a deformable lens structure thatchanges shape under the influence of an electrical signal. Accordingly,the optical power of eye-mountable device 200 is controlled bycontroller 225 with the application of electric signals via one or moreelectrodes extending from controller 225 to accommodation actuator 230.

FIG. 3 is an explode perspective view illustrating an eye-mountabledevice 300, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.Eye-mountable device 300 is one possible implementation of eye-mountabledevices 100 or 200, but the exploded perspective illustration showsadditional details of various components. The illustrated embodiment ofeye-mountable device 300 includes a flexible lens enclosure including ananterior layer 305 and a posterior layer 310, an anterior flexibleconductive electrode (ANT) 315, a posterior flexible conductiveelectrode (POST) 320, a liquid crystal (“LC”) layer 325, a ringsubstrate 330, a power supply 335, a controller circuit 340, an anteriorcontact pad 345, and a posterior contact pad 350 (hidden in FIG. 3).Collectively, the ANT 315, LC layer 325, and POST 320 form anaccommodation actuator that is manipulated under the influence ofcontroller circuit 340. The illustrated embodiment of ANT 315 includes aconnection tab 360 and the illustrated embodiment of POST 320 includes aconnection tab 365.

ANT 315 and POST 320 are transparent electrodes that electricallymanipulate LC layer 325 via the application of a voltage across theelectrodes. ANT 315 and POST 320 are flexible conductors thatsubstantially maintain their conductivity even in the presence ofcyclical mechanical stressing including folding and bending. ANT 315 andPOST 320 are formed from a liquid conductor material that is cured onto,and therefore conform to, the curved surfaces of anterior layer 305 andposterior layer 310, respectively. For example, this liquid conductormaterial may be colloidal suspension of conductive particles. Theseconductive particles can include carbon nanotubes, metal nanowires(e.g., silver nanowires), or otherwise. In other embodiments, the liquidconductor material may be a conductive polymer or conductive silicon.

ANT 315 and POST 320 can be applied to anterior layer 305 and posteriorlayer 310, respectively, using a variety of techniques. In oneembodiment, the liquid conductor material is spray coated on the insideconcave surface of anterior layer 305 using a conforming concave stenciland is also spray coated on the inside convex surface of posterior layer310 using a conforming convex stencil. In other embodiments, the spraycoating may be actively controlled without use of stencils, or appliedafter application of a temporary mask. In yet other embodiments, theliquid conductor material is coated onto a stamp with a conformingshaped surface that is then pressed to anterior layer 305 or posteriorlayer 310 to transfer the liquid conductor material. Other applicationtechniques may also be used to form and position ANT 315 and POST 320onto anterior layer 305 and posterior layer 310, respectively.

In one embodiment, ANT 315 and POST 320 are formed as part of aniterative process of material application and curing/annealing thatbuilds up multiple layers to achieve a desired total sheet resistance.Target sheet resistances may range between 100 ohms/square to 2000ohms/square (e.g., 190 ohms/square). Of course, other target sheetresistances outside this range may also be used. The number ofapplication and curing iterations to achieve a desired target sheetresistance may range between 1 to 10 iterations, but is expected totypically range between 1 to 4 applications.

FIGS. 4A-4C illustrate example orientations of ANT 315 and POST 320within eye-mountable device 300, in accordance with an embodiment of thedisclosure. FIG. 4A illustrates ANT 405 formed onto the concave insidesurface of anterior layer 305, FIG. 4B illustrates a POST 410 formedonto the convex inside surface of POST 320, and FIG. 4C is a plan viewillustration of a fully assembled eye-mountable device 300. FIG. 5 is aprofile illustration of a portion of ring substrate 330 that formselectrical connections to connection tab 360 of ANT 315 and connectiontab 365 of POST 320, in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure.

In the illustrated embodiment, ANT 315 includes connection tab 360 forelectrically connecting to anterior contact pad 345 disposed on thefront side of ring substrate 330. Correspondingly, POST 320 includesconnection tab 365 for electrically connecting to posterior contact pad350 disposed on the backside of ring substrate 330. FIG. 5 illustratesthe use of conductive adhesive 405 to improve the electricallyconnections between connection tabs 360 and 365 and contact pads 345 and350, respectively. Conductive adhesive 405 may be implemented using avariety of different materials, such as, silver loaded epoxies, silicon,or polyurethane, or otherwise. Conductive adhesive 405 providesflexible, conductive adhesion that maintains electrical connection whenthe smart contact lens is bent or folded despite the differentflexibility characteristics of the various constituent parts ofeye-mountable device 300.

In the illustrated embodiment, connection tabs 360 and 365 arerotationally offset relative to each other to make room for athrough-substrate via for one or both of contact pads 345, 365. Forexample, in the illustrated embodiment, power supply 335 and controllercircuit 340 are disposed on the front side of ring substrate 330, thusposterior contact pad 350 is connected to controller circuit 340 using athrough substrate via.

FIG. 4C further illustrates the contour 410 of LC layer 325. LC layer320 is disposed between ANT 315 and POST 320 and is actuated by voltagesapplied across these electrodes by controller circuit 340. In theillustrated embodiment, LC layer 320 extends across a larger portion ofthe center region to ensure that ANT 315 and POST 320 do not shortcircuit to each other. In one embodiment, transparent insulating layers(e.g., polyimide) may be applied to separate LC layer 325 from ANT 315and POST 320, while in other embodiments ANT 315 and POST 320 may formdirect contact with LC layer 325. Furthermore, both LC layer 320 alongwith ANT 315 and POST 320 are contained within the inner radius of ringsubstrate 330 and do not contact the inner edge of ring substrate 330.In one embodiment, ANT 315 and POST 320 have a diameter of approximately6 mm, LC layer 325 has a diameter of approximately 7 mm, and the inneredge of ring substrate 330, which defines the center region, has adiameter of 9 mm. The larger diameter of the inner edge of ringsubstrate 330 forms a gap between ANT 315 and POST 320 to preventshorting to ring substrate 330. Of course, other dimensions may beimplemented.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a process 600 for fabricatingeye-mountable devices 100, 200, or 300, in accordance with an embodimentof the disclosure. The order in which some or all of the process blocksappear in process 600 should not be deemed limiting. Rather, one ofordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the present disclosurewill understand that some of the process blocks may be executed in avariety of orders not illustrated, or even in parallel.

In process blocks 605 and 610, anterior layer 305 and posterior layer310 are formed as separate layers of the flexible lens enclosure.Anterior layer 305 and posterior layer 310 may be formed using moldsthat are spray coated or injected with a flexible, transparent material.The flexible, transparent material may include any of a polymericmaterial, a hydrogel, PMMA, silicone based polymers (e.g.,fluoro-silicon acrylate), or otherwise.

In a process block 615, anterior layer 305 and posterior layer 310 aretreated to form reactive surfaces for improved bonding to the ANT 315and POST 320. In one embodiment, anterior layer 305 and posterior layer310 are plasma treated in a highly ionizing environment that causes theinside surfaces of anterior layer 305 and posterior layer 310 to bechemically reactive.

In a process block 620, liquid conductor material that forms ANT 315 andPOST 320 is deposited onto the concave inside surface of anterior layer305 and deposited onto the convex inside surface of posterior layer 310.In one embodiment, the deposition of the liquid conductor material maybe spray coated over stencils that conform to the concave and convexsurfaces. In yet another embodiment, the liquid conductive material isapplied to stamps with curved surfaces that conform to the concave andconvex surfaces of anterior layer 305 and posterior layer 310,respectively. The coated stamps are then pressed against the insidesurfaces of anterior layer 305 and posterior layer 310 to transfer theink pattern thereto. After application of the liquid conductor material,it is cured and/or annealed with heat (process block 625).

In an embodiment where the liquid conductor material is a colloidalsolution of conductive particles (e.g., nanotubes or nanowires), theannealing can help the conductive particles to lay or mat-down therebyimproving the conductive characteristic of ANT 315 and POST 320. Examplecommercially available materials for implementing the liquid conductormaterial include silver nanowires, carbon nanotubes, PEDOT:PSS, orotherwise. In some embodiments, various solvents (e.g., alcohol),surfactants, or dilutants may be added to the liquid conductor materialto improve the uniform coating and adhesion of ANT 315 and POST 320 toanterior layer 305 and posterior layer 310, respectively.

In some embodiments, several layers of the liquid conductor material isiteratively applied and cured to build up the thickness of ANT 315 andPOST 320 until a desired sheet resistance is achieved (decision block630). These iterations may range from a single application to manyapplications (e.g., as many as 10 applications). However, one to fouriterative application and curing/annealing steps are expected to besufficient in many instances.

In a process block 635, conductive adhesive 405 is applied to contactpads 345 and 350 on ring substrate 330. Next, ring substrate 330,including power supply 335 and controller circuit 340, are positionedover the convex inside surface of posterior layer 310 with posteriorcontact pad 350 aligning to connection tab 365 on POST 320 (processblock 640).

In a process block 645, the liquid crystal material is dispensed intothe center region of the concave inside surface of anterior layer 305and covers over ANT 315. In one embodiment, the liquid crystal materialis dispensed over a larger area such that LC layer 325 covers a greaterarea than either ANT 315 or POST 320.

In a process block 650, the two halves (anterior layer 305 and posteriorlayer 310) of the flexible lens enclosure are pressed together andsealed. When mating the two halves, care is taken to ensure alignmentbetween anterior connection tab 360 and anterior contact pad 345. In oneembodiment, additional flexible enclosure material is added to thebottom edge or rim of the mated anterior layer 305 and posterior layer310 to form the seal. Finally, the eye-mountable device or smart contactlens is packaged into a sealed container of lens solution fordistribution.

The above description of illustrated embodiments of the invention,including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to beexhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed.While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the invention aredescribed herein for illustrative purposes, various modifications arepossible within the scope of the invention, as those skilled in therelevant art will recognize.

These modifications can be made to the invention in light of the abovedetailed description. The terms used in the following claims should notbe construed to limit the invention to the specific embodimentsdisclosed in the specification. Rather, the scope of the invention is tobe determined entirely by the following claims, which are to beconstrued in accordance with established doctrines of claiminterpretation.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device, comprising: a lens enclosure includingan anterior layer and a posterior layer that are sealed together; ananterior conductive electrode formed on a concave side of the anteriorlayer of the lens enclosure and across a center region of the lensenclosure; a posterior conductive electrode formed on a convex side ofthe posterior layer of the lens enclosure and across the center region;and an accommodation actuator element disposed between the anterior andposterior conductive electrodes in the center region, wherein theanterior and posterior conductive electrodes are transparent andelectrically manipulate the accommodation actuator element via a voltageapplied across the anterior and posterior conductive electrodes, andwherein the anterior and posterior conductive electrodes include metalnanowires.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein a concave surface of theposterior layer is configured to be removeably mounted over a cornea anda convex surface of the anterior layer is configured to be compatiblewith eyelid motion when the concave surface of the posterior layer is somounted.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the anterior and posteriorconductive electrodes conform to the anterior layer and the posteriorlayer, respectively.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein the metalnanowires included on the anterior and posterior conductive electrodesare disposed in a colloidal suspension that is cured onto the concaveside of the anterior layer and onto the convex side of the posteriorlayer, respectively.
 5. The device of claim 4, wherein the metalnanowires are silver nanowires.
 6. The device of claim 1, furthercomprising: a ring substrate disposed around the center region, whereinthe anterior conductive electrode includes an anterior connection tabextending outside the center region and overlapping an anterior contactpad on the ring substrate, wherein the posterior conductive electrodeincludes a posterior connection tab extending outside the center regionand underlapping a posterior contact pad on the ring substrate.
 7. Thedevice of claim 6, further comprising: first conductive adhesivedisposed between the anterior connection tab and the anterior contactpad to electrically connect the anterior conductive electrode to theanterior contact pad; and second conductive adhesive disposed betweenthe posterior connection tab and the posterior contact pad toelectrically connect the posterior conductive electrode to the posteriorcontact pad.
 8. The device of claim 6, wherein the anterior connectiontab and the posterior connection tab are rotationally offset from eachother.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the accommodation actuatorelement comprises a liquid crystal (“LC”) layer and wherein the LC layerextends across a larger area in the center region than the anterior andposterior conductive electrodes.
 10. The device of claim 1, wherein theanterior and posterior conductive electrodes each comprise multi-layerstructure of transparent, conductive liquid that is iteratively appliedand cured.
 11. A method of fabricating a contact lens having a lensenclosure, comprising: depositing a liquid conductor material onto aconcave inside surface of an anterior layer of the lens enclosure,wherein the liquid conductor includes metal nanowires; depositing theliquid conductor material onto a convex inside surface of a posteriorlayer of the lens enclosure, wherein the liquid conductor includes metalnanowires; curing the liquid conductor material on the anterior andposterior layers to form an anterior conductive electrode disposed onthe concave inside surface and a posterior conductive electrode disposedon the convex inside surface, respectively, wherein the anterior andposterior conductive electrodes are both transparent; dispensing liquidcrystal material between the anterior and posterior conductiveelectrodes; and sealing the anterior layer to the posterior layer toencase anterior and posterior flexible conductors and the liquid crystalmaterial within the lens enclosure of the contact lens.
 12. The methodof claim 11, wherein the metal nanowires are in a colloidal suspensionthat conforms to the concave inside surface and the convex insidesurface, respectively.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the metalnanowires are silver nanowires.
 14. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising: iteratively depositing and curing the liquid conductormaterial on each of the concave inside surface and the convex insidesurface to build up thicknesses of the anterior and posterior conductiveelectrodes to achieve desired sheet resistances.
 15. The method of claim11, wherein deposing the liquid conductive material onto the convexinside surface comprises: positioning a stencil over the convex insidesurface of the anterior layer; and spraying the liquid conductivematerial over the stencil onto the convex inside surface of the anteriorlayer.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein depositing the liquidconductive material onto the convex inside surface comprises: applyingthe liquid conductive material to a stamp; and pressing the stamp to theconvex inside surface of the anterior layer to transfer the liquidconductive material to the convex inside surface of the anterior layer.17. The method of claim 11, wherein the liquid crystal material isdispensed over a larger area in a center region of the lens enclosurethan the anterior and posterior flexible conductive electrodes.
 18. Themethod of claim 11, further comprising: plasma treating the anterior andposterior layers of the lens enclosure prior to the depositing theliquid conductor material onto the concave inside surface of theanterior layer and prior to depositing the liquid conductor materialonto the convex inside surface of the posterior layer to form reactivesurfaces for bonding the anterior and posterior conductive electrodes tothe anterior and posterior layers, respectively.
 19. The method of claim11, further comprising: providing a ring substrate upon which a battery,a controller circuit, an anterior contact pad, and a posterior contactpad are disposed; dispensing a conductive adhesive onto the anterior andposterior contact pads; positioning the ring substrate on the posteriorlayer surrounding the posterior conductive electrode; and bondingconnection tabs extending from the anterior and posterior conductiveelectrodes to the anterior and posterior contact pads, respectively. 20.The device of claim 6, wherein the ring substrate has a flat, circularring shape that provides a platform for mounting electronics and forpatterning conductive materials to form electrodes, antenna, andinterconnections.
 21. The method of claim 11, further comprising: matingthe anterior layer of the lens enclosure and the posterior layer of thelens enclosure, and wherein the sealing the anterior layer to theposterior layer to encase anterior and posterior conductors and theliquid crystal material within the lens enclosure of the contact lenscomprises: adding additional lens enclosure material to a rim of themated anterior and posterior layers of the lens enclosure.